1. Microsoft Excel 97

Main article:Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display.

It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using and the scenario manager). It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule, analyze the results, make a report or slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed to be used as a database. Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.

FunctionsExcel 2016 has 484 functions. Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010.

Microsoft classifies these functions in 14 categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be called from as methods of the object 'WorksheetFunction' and 44 have the same names as VBA functions. Macro programming VBA programming. Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y.The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's (VBA), which is a dialect of. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques.

Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011, although the build lacks support for objects, impacting some high level developer tools.A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Recorder. The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro.

The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colours and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model, a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes).

Microsoft Excel 97

User-created VBA execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.HistoryFrom its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension.XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.

Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use. Made using Microsoft ExcelExcel supports, or generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object.These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.Add-insAdditional features are available using.

Several are provided with Excel, including:. Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes and ). Analysis ToolPak VBA: functions for Analysis ToolPak. Euro Currency Tools: Conversion and formatting for euro currency. Solver Add-In: Tools for optimization and equation solvingData storage and communication Number of rows and columnsVersions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (2 14 = 16 384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (2 16 = 65 536) rows and 256 columns (2 8 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (2 20 = 1 048 576) rows, and 16 384 (2 14 as label 'XFD') columns.

File formats Excel Spreadsheet.xls, (.xlsx,.xlsm,.xlsb - Excel 2007)application/vnd.ms-excelcom.microsoft.excel.xlsDeveloped byType of formatMicrosoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format. Excel 2007 uses as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous -based format called 'XML Spreadsheet' ('XMLSS'), first introduced in Excel 2002.Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007. The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.Binaryhas created documentation of the Excel format.

Since then Microsoft made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download. XML Spreadsheet. Main article:The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002 is a simple, based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is.xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with.xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g.

Query Browser) to offer 'export to Excel' capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls. Name Example Value 123 Current file extensions. Main article:Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the (OOXML) specification.Excel 2007 formatsFormatExtensionDescriptionExcel Workbook.xlsxThe default Excel 2007 and later workbook format.

In reality a compressed archive with a directory structure of text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary.xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons.Excel Macro-enabled Workbook.xlsmAs Excel Workbook, but with macro support.Excel Binary Workbook.xlsbAs Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns.Excel Macro-enabled Template.xltmA template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support.

The replacement for the old.xlt format.Excel Add-in.xlamExcel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose.Old file extensions FormatExtensionDescription.xlsMain spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macrosAdd-in.xlaAdds custom functionality; written inToolbar.xlbThe file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored.Chart.xlcA chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as.XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel.Dialog.xldUsed in older versions of Excel.Archive.xlkA backup of an Excel SpreadsheetAdd-in (DLL).xllAdds custom functionality; written in /, etc. And compiled in to a specialMacro.xlmA macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel.TemplateA pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel.Module.xlvA module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft ExcelLibrary.DLLCode written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows APIWorkspace.xlwArrangement of the windows of multiple WorkbooksUsing other Windows applicationsWindows applications such as and, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common are: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as 'the protocol from hell'. As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display.

It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as and.Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of 'embedding' where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa. Using external dataExcel users can access external via Microsoft Office features such as (for example).odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied driver.Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as ). DDE: 'Dynamic Data Exchange' uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications.

Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as 'the protocol from hell'. In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets. Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility. Real Time Data: RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.Alternatively, provides browsing within Microsoft Excel. Export and migration of spreadsheetsProgrammers have produced to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel.

These include opening Excel documents on the web using either controls, or plugins like the. The project provides libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files. ExcelPackage is another open-source project that provides server-side generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. Is a PHP library that converts Excel5, Excel 2003, and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application. Is a current developer tool that can enhance Excel's capabilities. Excel spreadsheets can be accessed from with. And can open Excel spreadsheets from.Password protection.

Main article:Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:. Password to open a document. Password to modify a document. Password to unprotect worksheet.

Password to protect workbook. Password to protect the sharing workbookAll passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document.

Such password-protected documents are not, and a from a set password is saved in a document's. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password “ VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit that can be instantly cracked.

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In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services which use (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document, but also find the original password.In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see ). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can't be decrypted, and thus the password to open can't be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default.

Therefore, users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.Microsoft Excel ViewerMicrosoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel.

The Microsoft Excel Viewer was retired in April, 2018 in lieu of. Excel Viewer is similar to in functionality. (There is not a current version for the.) Excel Viewer is available for and, such as the. It is also possible to open Excel files using certain online tools and services.

Online excel viewers do not require users to have Microsoft Excel installed. QuirksIn addition to in general, other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more.Numeric precision. Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line.Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values.

Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable. In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel.

Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the. Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details.Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised.

Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.As many calculations in Excel are executed using, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision. Statistical functionsThe accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized, as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010. Excel MOD function errorExcel has issues with. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! Instead of an answer.

Fictional leap day in the year 1900Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a non-leap year. The bug originated from (deliberately implemented to save computer memory), and was also purposely implemented in Excel, for the purpose of. Microsoft Excel 95Released in 1995 with, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number.Internal rewrite to 32-bits.

Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.Excel 97 (v8.0)Included in (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels.This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an.Excel 2000 (v9.0). Microsoft Excel 2007Included in. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions.

One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organisation. However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being 'somewhat more negative' than intermediate users, and users reporting a reduction in productivity.Added functionality included the set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow ( x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.Also like other office products, the file formats were introduced, including.xlsm for a workbook with macros and.xlsx for a workbook without macros.Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (2 20) and columns was 16,384 (2 14; the far-right column is XFD).

This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were and this was indicated at registration.Excel 2010 (v14.0).

As I look up in my folder, I see that all XL file icons look something like notepad image and they are not recognised as XL files. So I need to right click and say open with. Interestingly Excel does not appear at all in the apps listing;but I get to see word, acrobat etc.So to bypass this problem I opened Excel, then File-Open-File type 97-2003, then saved the file as XLSX format.

This worked for one file. But the problem is I have tonnes of files in 97-2003 format. Wondering what to do with them. You can easily convert a folder's worth of files with one macro (or re-write the macro to do an entire folder tree) - put these into a regular codemodule, then save the file in the folder with the files you want to convert - run one or the other (dependingon your macro usage). If you don't have a lot of macros, saving as macro enabled won't really hurt.Sub ConvertXLStoXLSM'Convert xls to macro-enabled.xlsm filesDim strFName As StringDim wkbkN As WorkbookDim boolKill As BooleanboolKill = MsgBox('Delete original files after conversion?' IMHO, converting xls files to xlsx is not the right way to go.This is a Win10 issue, not an Excel issue. You need to change the folder options so that the extension xls is associated with Excel.

I think you can right-click on an xls file, click Properties, and click Change next to 'Opens with'. If you don't seeExcel in Recommended Programs or Other Programs list, you should find by clicking Browse. At least, that's how it works for Win7.If you still have problems, I suggest posting a new question in the Win10 forum.

Your question is: how to associate Excel with the xls file extension. Thank you members for your response. In the meantime before I read your replies, I got something through google search disappointed, that the end user has to go through these pains, who has got hardly anything to do with technicalities at the background.

I agree that security and other aspects will be important while product development and upgrades which the vendormust have kept in mind; the larger issue is some sort of legitimate means to overcome these kind of issues need to be provided by them.